![]() Sand (Silica, SiO 2) is also the principal ingredient of glass, which has thousands of uses, such as window glass, containers, insulators, sawing stone, grinding, sand blasting, wood paste, in Laboratories, in chemical plants, etc. Sand (silicon dioxide or silica, SiO 2) & Clay (aluminium silicate, Al 2SiO 5) are used to make concrete, brick, and cement. Granite and most other rocks are complex silicates, which are useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and these are used for civil engineering projects. Metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si, with purity of 98% or higher) is used as raw material in the manufacture of organosilica and silicon resins, oils & seals. Upgraded Metallurgical grade silicon (UMG-Si, slightly Purer of MG-Si) can be used in cheaper electronics devices. The silicon can be doped with tiny amounts of gallium, boron, arsenic or phosphorus to control its electrical properties. Silicone rubber is used as a waterproof sealant in bathrooms, around windows, roofs, and pipes.Įlectronic grade Silicon (EG-Si, Extremly highly purified) is extensively used as a semiconductor in solid-state devices (a device in which electricity flows through solid semiconductor Like in solar cells (Photovoltaic cells, converting solar energy into electricity), transistors, rectifiers etc.) in the computer, space-age & microelectronics industries. Silicone oil is a lubricant and is added to hair conditioners & some cosmetics. Silicones are quite stable to extreme temperatures, water, oxidation, and have useful dielectric (electrical insulator), antistick, and antifoam properties. It can be prepared by hydrolyzing (break down by chemical reaction with water) a silicon organic chloride, such as dimethyl silicon chloride (C 2H 6Cl 2Si). Silicon is also used to make silicones (polysiloxanes), It is a silicon-oxygen synthetic polymer with attached methyl group (contain 1 carbon atom & 3 hydrogen atom, Like CH 3). These alloys are used to make engine blocks, dynamo & transformer plates, cylinder heads and machine tools, and to deoxidise steel. Mostly, it is used to make an alloys including ferro-silicon (iron-silicon) & aluminium-silicon (AlSi) to provide more resistance. Silicon is one of the most useful elements for humankind. ![]() Named By: Thomas thomson (1817) Silicon Uses Naming: After Latin ‘silicis’ or ‘silex’ (meaning flint)ĭiscovery & 1st Isolation:Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1823) Now, Boils at room temperature, where impurities can easily be removed through distillation to produce extremely high purity Trichlorosilane (TCS) liquid, which is converted to solid polysilicon by siemens process, that give results in EG-Si with purity of 99.999999998% Silicon History Purify MG-Si into EG-Si by converting Liquid volatile silicon such as Dichlorosilane (SiH 2Cl 2), Monosilane (SiH 4), and Trichlorosilane (SiHCl 3).Ĭonversion is done by reacting it with anhydrous hydrogen chloride (HCl) at 300 o C in a fluidized bed reactor: With an excess of SiO 2 used to stop Silicon carbide from accumulating:įor another reaction, Sometimes used aluminothermal reductionof silicon dioxide (SiO 2) Silicon carbide is made by reduction of Quartz sand with excess coke or anthracite at 2000 o C-2500 o C: The element doesn’t react with most acids, but dissolved by hydrofluoric acid (HF). Si (s) + 2 Br 2 (g) → SiBr 4 (s) (Silicon (Vl) bromide) Si (s) + 2 Cl 2 (g) → SiCl 4 (s) (Silicon (Vl) chloride) Si (s) + 2 F 2 (g) → SiF 4 (s) (Silicon (Vl) fluoride) The metal reacts with all Halogens to form Silicon (Vl) halides: If silicon is heated above 1400 o C, it reacts with the nitrogen, and forming Silicon nitrides: If silicon is heated above 900 o C, it reacts with the oxygen, and forming Silicon dioxide: Silicon doesn’t react with Air under normal condition: Isotopes: 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si 31 Si 32 Si Isotope Lattice constant: 543.07, 543.07, 543.07 pmįace Centered Diamond Cubic (FCDC) Reactivity of SiliconĮlectron affinity: 133.6 kJ/mol Nuclear Properties of Silicon ![]() Ionization energies: 1st: 786.4 kJ.mol 2nd: 1577 kJ/mol 3rd: 3231.5 kJ/molĬrystal structure: Face centered diamond cubic Sound Speed: 8433 m/s Atomic Properties of Silicon Molar magnetic susceptibility: -0045×10 -9 m 3/mol Physical Properties of Siliconĭensity: 2.33 g/cm 3 (In solid) 2.57 g/cm 3 (In Liquid at M.P) Mass magnetic susceptibility: -1.6×10 -9 m 3/kg Volume magnetic susceptibility: -0.00000373 Magnetic susceptibility (x mol): -3.9×10 -6 cm 3/mol Thermal conductivity: 149 W/(m∙K) Electrical properties of Siliconīand gap: 1.12 eV Magnetic Properties of Silicon Silicon Electron Configuration Thermal Properties of Siliconĭebye temperature: 645 K (701.33 oC, 371.85 oF)
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